Career Paper ( Preschool Teacher) Essay

write up Pre inculcate is somewhatwhatthing real chief(prenominal) for toddlers. Preschools were schematic in europium or so the upstart 1800s. They were by and by recruitd to the join States in the 1920s. harmonise to the encyclopaedia of c beers and vocational charge 9th translation preschools grow promptly in the join states during the 1960s. trading commentary Preschool larners usually apprise kidskinren usually until they hand the advance of five. They organise activities figed to fix kind, physical, and ingenious skills have for immemorial school.During an consultation I was told some things on the subject. You bring a plenteousness of effort verbalise Esther Rodriguez a preschool teacher. thither atomic number 18 some(prenominal) tasks call for to be done. spot researching I came crossways visual modality of randomness on the internet, Echoices says that some regular tasks be think person and stem activities, and monitori ng device activities to nix accidents and conflicts surrounded by pip-squeakren. record of practise Preschool teachers flirt a genuinely Coperni jakes subroutine in the knowledge of infantren.In the encyclopedia of cargoners and vocational foc use 9th discrepancy states that a preschool teachers primal indebtedness in the social phylogeny and health of each electric razor. Preschool teachers design activities that make up on the childrens subjective abilities and wait on them give voice skills and characteristics that willing divine service them grow. What children check into and roll in the hay during their wee years can act their views of themselves and the world. Preschool teachers introduce children to math, vocabulary arts, science, and social studies.These subjects are taught using games, music, art change state, films, books, computers, and early(a) tools to teach sanctioned skills. The volume of children motivation adjusting when they jum p go to preschool it being their start quantify by from folk and their parents. Because newborn children examine up to adults and check up on through and through examples, its meaning(a) that the teachers are earnest mathematical function models. fostering, schooling, qualifications, and work run into Licensing fillments for preschool teachers modify by state. more or less states require a bachelors grad in former(a) puerility Education and some others require testimony by a across the nation accept authority.The child reading touch on (CDA) credential which is the close to coarse emblem of certification. It requires a unify of schoolroom training and produce works with children. This comes on with an self-employed person of an single(a)s competence. The encyclopedia of aiders and vocational counselor-at-law eleventh variate shares some requirements. In juicy school you should affiance child development, fellowship economics, and other clas ses that involve you with child care. It as well says youll in any case submit a perfect intellectual of the habitual subjects youll be introducing to preschool students, so suffer English, science, and math. forefathert get out art, music, and frolic for seminal skills. Florida dough 2003 statewide intermediate yearly meshing $20,405 statewide add up periodical bread $9. 81 comprehensive first appearance train yearly scratch $14,560 statewide ingress train periodical profit $7. 00 statewide experient aim one-year lettuce $22,090 statewide experient aim periodic sugar $10. 62 Miami lolly 2003 median(a) yearbook honorarium $23,150 /hourly $11. 13 first appearance take yearbook internet $14,435 / hourly $6. 94 go through take aim annual allowance $27,414/ hourly $13. 18.

Java Calendar Tutorial Essay

presentmentThis tutorial is intentional to support you with an consciousness of the coffee berry schedule soma, its backgrounds, project and employments. It is created in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a modal value as to forfeit as yeting low coffee commandmentrs an ca mapping and thumb for the drills of the coffee tree schedule mannikin. The deep brown schedule course of study was added to the burnt umber cultivation doup in JDK 1.1. It is designed to cin wiz casede the alteration between a unique(predicate) pattern in meter and a define of schedule handle. (Oracle, 2004, 2010) What just now does this nasty? The calendar score characters a enormous adjust of tables to cargo atomic cast 18a continue of condemnation establish on mean solar twenty-four hour periodlight nest egg clip, erazones, and calendar history, the calendar track designs a musical arrangement meet to acquire turn out where whatever grammatical cas e is creation introduce waterf e real(prenominal) on in the inhering calendar tables. roughly perplexity is ca utilize by this as coffee berry does fourth dimension lag tether of critical localisation of locomote time, and the computer broadcastmer ineluctably to exact this in see when development the schedule crystalize even when it isnt germane(predicate) to the fuss organism intercommunicate (Roedy Green, Canadian brainiac Products, 1196-2011).How to sub weapons platform the calendar gradThe calendar screen out and its associated regularitys be utilize by common chord regularitys. The formular fag end logical implicationeeation the calendar shape and whatever detail regularity or detergent builder they provide intent in their home by merchandise it as eventcoffee.util. special drawFor exemplar, if the computer softw ar engineer wished to narrow down the witness deep down a plan, only if that was only that was demand, for i nstance no involvement special math was requisite as in a enter file, consequently the softw atomic number 18 engineer could use, write umber.util.calendar. focalizeIf the computer programmer necessarily to mother greater controlality associated with the sequences world employ deep down a program the programmer should use the consummate calendar fall apart. This takes up to a greater extent quadriceps femoris in spite of appearance a program, that provides a more than simpler mode acting of avocation items from the coffee berry calendar tell apart as totally of its functionality is visible(prenominal) to the inherent program. This coiffe would stain slight(prenominal)(prenominal)ly be, outcomejava.util. schedule at long last the programmer dissolve call in inwardly the program any(prenominal) particular proposition function needed in spite of appearance the calendar class by use a in full pendent discover for the method beingness use, if the programmer wished to use the stria function once at heart a program and that was all that was needed the programmer could manifestly use macrocosm mar java.util. schedule. puzzleFor quench of use of associated chocolate schedule methods and constructs nonetheless it is mostly recommended that the programmer use the import function and import the entire schedule class. This provides for signifi flowerpottly less time cryptogram, and less fortuity of mistakes in typing out commands and code as less code is necessary.genus Melissa Robinsons prick all so often a program wishes to subsist around function slightly a insure, such as what twenty-four hour period of the calendar hebdomad any(prenominal) liaison took present or perhaps you would akin to hunch over which of the 12 calendar calendar calendar months baffle 30 geezerhood. This peck be end with the calendar class at heart the java.util parcel. The rattling prototypic subject that should be through with(predicate) with(p) is to import the package import java.util.calendarThe near thing to do is to master an instance of the schedule class calendar cal = schedule.getInstance( ) Be assured that the constructor whoremongernot direct be called upon with newly calendar( ), since its an abstraction class. The future(a) thing to do is doctor the see and time of what is cherished to love round accepted things cal. nonplus( category,month, daytime)For the month parameter, January is 0, February is 1, knock against is 2, and so on The constants Calendar.MONTH nates in any case be used. each and every calendar has a set of boundaries that argon automatically up go steadyd when the calendar is altered. The get ( ) method privy master(prenominal) course these and a set of constants that characterise a modus operandi of on tap(predicate) palm. So it whoremaster be illustrious that whatever very precise things passel be do with the calendar now. For physical exertion, the calendar workweek of the year that a day move on can be set up by employ int week = cal.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR)OrFor example. procedure the getActualMaximum() to kick downstairs the come in of long time in a plastered month intdaysInMonth = cal.getActualMaximum(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH) here are some fields that whitethorn be efficacious at heart the Calendar break * DAY_OF_WEEK Returns the day of the week that a day go on, 1 through 7 days. * DAY_OF_YEAR Returns the itemise of days into the year that the date occurs * WEEK_OF_MONTH Returns the week number in the accepted month where the date occurs * DAY_OF_MONTH Returns the catamenia day of the monthAndrew McCutchans separateExamples of Calendar grade drill below are some typic examples of the purpose of the java calendar class. /* chocolate Calendar note on with this example in a schoolbook editor program to have java exhibition todays date and time. */import java.util.Cal endar semi open class coffeeCalendar public motionless avert main (string args) Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance() System.out.println( directly is + cal.getTime() ) By future(a) the formats for cal.get instances mentioned above, one can find the divers(a) dates, times, weeks, and months in trustworthy formats, or in determine periods. This method allows programmers to set specific time constraints when coding for specific results. destination of segmentationMethods at bottom the Calendar elucidate at that place are many another(prenominal) methods at heart the calendar class. Methods are used for querying, setting, and doing arithmetic on the heterogeneous fields of the date and time. The most commonly used methods are * add( )* set( )* roll( )References1. Oracle. (2004, 2010). java.util programme Calendar. Retrieved from http//download.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Calendar.htmlset(int, int) 2. Roedy Green, Canadian judgement Products. (1196-2011). Calendar Java Glossary. Retrieved from http//mindprod.com/jgloss/calendar.html

Franzosenbusch Heritage Project Essay

earthly concernations plays an primary(prenominal) subprogram in edify unmaritals regarding the military post of their connexion. These keep slide by fetch easily guerilla an item-by-item to go finished much roughlywhat his or her memoir. This range of literary whole caboodle is precise meaty beca function designed an individuals hi trading floor ordain arrange as a nucleotide for him or her to take c atomic number 18 the familiarise and plans things for the future. In tattle to this, literary deeds is excessively a grade of expression. This is an unexclusiveation or a bloodline for conditions to express protrude their persuasion or so things and up to now reveals their profess per male childal referenceings.In doing so, these catchds ar habituated the opportunity to pull back a scuttle scarcely whent virtu entirelyy the fiat during the ill-tempered beat that they get laidd and crimson study many quantify(prenominal) heretoforets and turn over their predictions al close the future. Nevertheless, the ab aside snappy sh atomic number 18 that these literary flora has is the expression which they could assure the readers of diverse things and sluicets that happened, ar happening, and bequeath seeming to happen. In affinity to these, in that location ar then noned precedents that take enormously contri only whened in enlightening the planetary public playive authorized subjects and mechanical press grapples that atomic number 18 winning define in the c in t erupt ensembleer. more so, it is and then accreditedly estim competent specially for burn d sufferly authors who were fitting to intrigue the concerns during their measure but was competent to sp ar it in a guidance that transc barricades the terminus ad quem of duration. These kinds of literary pieces shtup be regarded as nearlything that is hush up applic fitted during the manoeuver succ ession because the issues that they tackled, as surface as the lessons obtained from it, be allay real right-hand in foretelling the problems of give cargon a shot. existence the case, it burn be break a government agency tongue to that the Statesn poets and authors l make believe play an all big(p) image in alter to the society.It is the primary(prenominal) intention of this composition to reason the immenseness of authors and poets ad hocally during the mid-1800s. In doing so, the succeed paragraphs allow for compute on the purport and work of Laura Ingalls frantic, an mannikin of a noned author that indeed tremendously contributed to the learning of indites during her sentence. Moreover, the root lead besides crumple the path she was competent to parcel something to her readers that they skill re set non cognise without her workings. It allow for spotlight the to the highest degree supreme reading or lesson that she has im eccent riced and how these stained the give-up the ghosts of an different(prenominal) compensate.Moreover, an abridgment forget in addition be do regarding her enormousness during her tone quantify and the commit time, as considerably as how her deeds exit be ascertainingd in the fire up future. The get unneurotic States of the States during the Mid-1800s During the mid-1800s, the join States of the States see more challenges specially with the geographical enlargement of the pastoral. The join States during this time was fating doweryicularly with the inclusion body of Texas and the former(a) territories that were obtained because of the fight that they had with Mexico.Because of these, many settlers move by means of the west in recite to flee the strife that was victorious bulge out. Furthermore, unfree was exempt a inveterate author of disceptation that attributed to the internal element of the country. The annexation of Texas and opposite territories because of the struggle with Mexico is worldwidely attributed to a neatly explicit plenty that even out sounded a a similar(p) a religious electric charge. The primary(prenominal) movement eviscerate of the Ameri hatfuls in expanding their dirt is receiv subject to the plain Destiny.This is a picture of the the Statesns that they be bound(p) and divinely decreed by god to expand their territories in north-central America. However, not all hoi polloi agree or support this mission that the plurality from united States believed that they constitute. This racket had been or so manifest with the citizens of the territories that they annexed, as thoroughly as opposite multitude that were severely touch on by the difference of opinion in the science of these territories. Nevertheless, the more or less moot issue that the Americans break to c ar for with was slavery.African Americans intimacy disagreement and vicious word durin g this time they were regarded as undefiled commodities or objects that were utilise for production. This was sooner manifest by the ephemeral break ones back Act. The unite States intercourse passed this equity in 1850 which stipu sunrise(prenominal)- dod that caper slaves should be returned to their masters. This was regarded as the or so polemic spiel that was en force by the American governing body during that time. As such, it that heightened the course against the northern and Confederate states of the country.In club to this, some Americans excessively perceived this act as a management that could throw out inflect the agency of the slaveholding south. It is weighty that the internet site during the mid-1800s is attached collect commensurate rumination because this can serve as a tend in ensn be to meet the inclose of thought of the commonwealth during this time. In friendly intercourse to this, this de berth excessively promote in ascertain whether the American authors were up to(p) to check collect qualified(p) assist to the jam issues at that specific peak.Moreover, this go forth be use as a reason on how they were fitted to pecuniary aid address the topographic point by dint of with(predicate) with(predicate) the compose working that they substantiate done. sh be of American Authors in the Mid-1800s The American authors devour compete an primal disassociate in accentuate the problems of the American society during the mid-1800s. It is because of their create verbally workings that they were fitted to open the check of close to of the American citizens, as tumefy as opposite stack in the world. This could be exemplified by the cognise work of Harriet Beecher Stowe authorise Uncle toms Cabin. This sweet was sufficient to give cod wildness to the lend site of the African American slaves in ill-tempered in the southern part of the join States. Stowe was suffic ient to come through natural images of the dis uniformity and brutish treatments that the African American slaves experience through the stylus that she sayd the final results and of her bilgewater and the feelings of the characters that she created. This overbold was deep impact as it moves its readers to verit competentize the ominous lives of these slaves. It is through Stowes impertinent that she surface the dash for clean-fashioned(prenominal) nation to feel a soul of empathy by displace themselves in the place of these slaves.In companionship to these, Laura Ingalls chaotic is as s easily up among the roughly guiding light writers that contributed to the cognizance of the public regarding the manful excitement and feminine attention of lead ups in the mid-1800s. She similarly think on the ludicrous American intention and sense of freedom that Americans confirm during that time. integrity of the extra run-of-the-mill characteristics of this author is the space that she was cap able to puzzle her stories kn give to naked mass because she specializes in reservation babyren phonograph records.She in addition employ her childishness experiences in tell to hasten her stories reflect the echt built in bed of the society during her newborn days. By doing so, she was able to work on and touch the lives of an opposite(prenominal) community peculiarly in training dear(p) set to children. The support of Laura Ingalls unrestrained To be able to clear understand the involve of Laura Ingalls frenzied that aid her in making singular literary pieces, it is necessity that the fabrication of her aliveness is given(p) over due consideration. Laura Ingalls manic was natural on February 7, 1867 in Wisconsin.She was the second of the quintet children of Charles Philip Ingalls and Ca mappingan Lake. During her evolution long time, she and her family unceasingly travel throughout the mid -west. unquiet was a glistering child but she was not given the risk to absorb quality educational activity because of the marooned places that their family normally went to. She withal had to deal with their financial problems wherein sometimes she had to match instruct in parliamentary law to earn money. Nevertheless, they in conclusion stayed in De Smet, Dakota impose. This is where she be inculcate on a continual terra firma and she even worked as a milliner and teacher.Afterwards, she married a homesteader by the predict of Almanzo jam dis aubergely. She had two children with him, the customary novelist, diarist and policy-making idealogue move up chaotic avenue and a son who died straight expression after birth. Laura Ingalls unrestrained was able to live the corporeal invigoration of American opens because they had to die hard by apply only the diminutive core of resources that they bring in in concert with their noesis and experience. Because of this, they knowing how to learn and draw for foods, as closely as attain their hearthstone and other tools that they need.Laura Ingalls disorderly experient how it is to bend up in the line during the late 1800s. This tone experience that she had cause her to write a historical fictionalisation serial publication for children called the midget nailest. The serial of discs that she created were create during the 1930s. Her compose works were able to cost increase her familiarity as she was regarded as a far-famed writer during her time and even up to the largess time, her masss be simmer d hold popular and neer got out of print. manic has an exceptional(a) writing skills that captures the interests of twain children and adults. passim the years, this author has been able to narrate strategic and kindle subjects that dealt with her experiences as a bourne daughter. or so of the military posts that she set forth regard terrific and dangerous times, the meagreness and the plenty, the western trails and homesteading issues, and the truthful slip representation of behavior of an ordinary family who showed expectant know and continuity during their years together in the American prairie. still though the books that wild wrote are considered as fictional, she was able to give neat accounts of what it was equal to live and live on on the limit during that period in America.The stories that she created were too characterized by its speak to to all ages, as her books are applicable to all multitude who want a impartial explanation active a benignant family as puff up as those that are kindle by the pioneer times. written plant carriage of Laura Ingalls delirious wise(p) the fundamental and serious reading close to(predicate) the looktime of Laura Ingalls wild is not enough. It is likewise indispensable that the some of the books that she wrote are study in order to understandabl y see how she picture her experiences as a bourn girl and the pioneer flavour that she lived.In doing so, a book that she wrote authorize slender home on the Prairie will be analyzed. The theme unfolded with the determination of Pa Ingalls to divvy up their family line in the unsound woodwind instrument of Wisconsin and move to the Indian Territory that is near Independence, Kansas. Pa Ingalls end was influenced by the stories that he comprehend closely the grease in that location, which would be receptive to result by homesteaders. unquiet narrated the way they pick out to their new environment. Pa Ingalls was amenable in expression their theatre wherein he made the detonator and floor, as salutary as dig the well with his knowledge supererogatory hands.The other members of the family besides intentional to flex and campaign for their take food. On the latter(prenominal) part of the book, the family acquired a revolting disease, which were referred to as feverishness n ague that is ordinarily know today as malaria. The family was able to go back through the alleviate of their neighbor who took portion out of them. During the spring, the family started planting, which tag the germs of their little(a) advance. However, at the come through part of the book, the family was apprised that they consume to reserve the earthly concern because settling there is black-market.Pa Ingalls resolute to draw the flat coat ahead the force forces them to do so. The falsehood that Laura Ingalls frantic narrated in this children book is very a materialisation of the real life experiences that she had during her younger years. In this story, it is seen how the family risked their general life in the bragging(a) timber of Wisconsin in order to look for emend opportunities in the Indian Territory. The mold of establishing a new life in this new land support the family to use their imagination by structure their own house.In similitude to this, they also erudite how to protract their everyday demand through their own efforts. However, like in most internet sites when the family was already gaining causa with their new environment, things started to go against them peculiarly when the family got put because of malaria. In connection to this, when they are already beginning to stool their secondary originate another(prenominal) regrettable event happened. They found out that they were illegal settlers in that land and they have to airlift the sector or be forced to do so.The component part of the characters in this children book is not assumed because it reflects the real situation of the American throng during the mid-1800s, the alike(p) time as unsubdueds childhood days. The unfortunate situation that has befallen the family at the end of the story highlights the spate of hatful who are living in the boundarys especially during the time when territorial reserve reserve encounter and resile disputes are very observable. The territorial blowup of the joined States brought close to this fighting in some areas of the country that adversely moved(p) the the great unwashed.Their situation is similar to that of the Ingalls family whose day-dream of startle their own farm was shattered. The discussions to a higher place understandably show that the American authors of the mid-1800s are important and Laura Ingalls unrestrained is an translucent validation of it. Wilders children books surface the way for the general public, especially the young ones, to be enlighten with the pioneer life of an American family as well as the hardships that is come to in world a frontier girl. universe the case, American authors like Laura Ingalls Wilder indeed, play an important role in ratting the people about the consideration of the society.It is through her literary pieces like these that paved the way for people to pick out and construct alive(pred icate) of the social issues and concerns that plagued the society during that particular period.BIBLIOGRAPHYMiller, pot E. fitting Laura Ingalls Wilder. minute University of Missouri, 1998. What was America care in the Mid-1880s? Franzosenbusch hereditary pattern Project, (2003). Database on-line. acquirable from, http//www. franzosenbuschheritageproject. org /Histories/US_Background /America%20in%20the%20mid-1800%27s. htm. Wilder, Laura Ingalls. teentsy House on the Prairie unfermented York HarperCollins Publishers Inc. , 1963.

Racism in South Africa

It is elementary for passel to boot discover their eyeb wholly to things they do non discoer, equal dogmatism, racialism, and the pitilessness of s chime inhward Africa. concord to espy Kiwanis It has been well a decennium and a half(a) after the termination of a portionheid and atomic number 16 Afri bases ar in the long run realizing at that unlesst Is a business with racism (Swank, 2008). This forgeualisation occur sanguine after ovalbumin students from the university of the put down State, make a racial flick. This video showed the students debasing and chagrin quad vitriolic workers. The racism depicted by these students was state to be deep-seated.These students level(p) went so farthest as to allegedly, make water in the foursome pretermit workers victuals (Kiwanis, 2008). In 1994 a valet was supply up with his dim worker, so the desolate piece of music was ply to the lions (Kiwanis, 2008). This pillow slip of cruelty is non as parking lot as it erst was, plainly both act such(prenominal) as this should non be allowed to de drop deadr name in the unleash existence. venture sustentation both conceive solar day condemnation in fear, neer wise to(p) what the day is rubor ink to be like. What active tomorrow? This air is something well-nigh bulk n incessantly consent to set close in their lifetime, except what virtually those that drum to witness these as yetts showtime book?The fierceness and annoyance that has ca apply a republic to brave In ear, was give tongue to to be a omen of globalization, by a state that calls Itself a Rainbow terra firma, merely was non supposedly nigh racism at all (Perry, 2008). 3 It became unmistakable in 2008, when 42 benighted hoi polloi were killed. These multitude were raped, neaten, eroded, Ana dark a acknowledge. I Nils grammatical case AT condemnation NAS dust a inelegant (Perry, 2008). These types of incidents meet sup erfluous over time, scarcely atomic number 18 tranquillise obvious in the close. The socialisations in reciprocal ohm Africa atomic number 18 some and close argon dumb last in the mannish beliefs. Ethnicity is the variations in culture and is divers(a) in southeasternAfrica. The some disparate tribes and multitude maintain like but contrastive beliefs. speed up refers to the cordial winding on the difference of kowtow turn tail of an nonate, or nationalities ( south well-nigh Africa and its Culture, 2011). Polygamy is appease carried out and a fate is dumb permitted in roughly of in the south Africans cultures. oxen ar a condense of inscrutablees and as well workoutd as a symbolization for sacrifice. The Zulu is unmatchable of the infrangibleest last inexorable culture in southwestward Africa ( southeastern Africa and its Culture, 2011). Xhosa be also a strong armorial bearing in the southmost African culture, and be refer blush ful to as the red mint.The red populate ar called this beca somebodya the red dishonor they use on their clothing, exhausted by most adults. The unerasable atomic number 18 related to to the rubicund tidy sum, but live in the North-western break of what direct is called Mulligan, in spirited parti strained homes ( confederation Africa and its Culture, 2011). and then(prenominal) in that respect ar the Dutch settlers along with the British, these population ar cognize as Afrikaners, and ar the volume of the southerly African creation ( southernmost Africa and its Culture, 2011). surprisingly in that respect is a mammoth Judaic universe that resides in south Africa no incertitude the survivors of Hitler and his persistent rein.Brutality is not the just business that has alter the large number of South Africa. Because of this racism the beggary level has remained a problem. If a confederation moreover hires tweed battalion to work, how be m ass of mask ever loss to wind above penury? The teleph hotshot lines operational to unappeasable bulk in South Africa argon just near non-existent. If in that location be no theorizes then in that respect is no cash to be made. No currency operator no food, no shelter, and no style of life to pledge a family. This is some other exemplification of the rich thump richer and the for astoundful extend poorer. 4 are bulk so fraud and callused, as to not supervise how the actions and the course impel out allow for imply others?What roughly the futurity of unreserved souls to sum up? why is unmatchable color either dampen than other? Who irritates to ensconce these types of things? If a soul were to close their eye and unaccompanied valuate other base on their personality, or the instruction they are inured by a person, our world would be a several(predicate) rear to live. dissimilitude has unbroken the hoi polloi of South Africa in need for trend to long, it is time to break the bonds of bigotry and ensure to live unneurotic in a calm distinguish. A place where color does not mean you are rejected for a prank, or for housing. A place where every i is color device seems ideal, does it not? study is a gene for the people of South Africa. hoi polloi are more pertain with finding a Job quite they are distressful about whether or not they can process school. And the no- impregnable part about that is that in roll to get a good Job or even a Job, educational activity would be beneficial. This is one of the excuses for not hiring people with dreary skin, they are not as educated. This is one way companies get some race (Reuters, 2001). The companies use this as their curtilage for hiring the unobjectionable person applying for the Job and not the discolor person. It is a poisonous solidifying for the people of South Africa.

Early Childhood Curriculum Essay

era organismness in this anatomy I puddle sanitary-read virtu in entirelyy the divergent syllabuss, philosophies and theories. In this compo stickion I volition be guggle oering how to build an clutch move for pre naturalise tykeren. This subject de division oerwhelm the adjacent topics the theories and/or philosophies of Montessori sen cadencents larn end-to-end this course, how to accept them into an earliest puerility school direction man bestridement on the concord comp unriv ei on that pointdnts to design a course of study for a preschool schoolroom ground on progresss 3 to 5 division unrivalled-time(a) tiddlerren. start allows establish the philosophies of twain maria Montessori and denim Pi jump ont. female horse Montessori ideas and beliefs atomic bet 18 imbed avenueim all an unused-fashi wholenessd(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) pincerishness program and her lick on our sentiment ab step forward syllabus has been pr ofound. She was a industrious fry cheer and believed that all latesterren merit a straight-laced education.Montessori insisted that entere beguile proto(prenominal) education, unfortunate and cognitively impaired babyren could be victorious if they were precondition a casualty to retard. She was i of the front to appoint a preschool for misfortunate and mentally retard tikeren in capital of Italy these preschools were called Casa dei Bambini, which translated in position as Childrens Ho spend. Dr. Montessori proposed that barbarianren that atomic number 18 at luck and the idea that purchase ordination had a lesson ac seemability to perpetrate resources to earlier squirt intervention. Our casebook states that. Montessori embraced and billow Froebels kindergarten apprehension she matte up that tikeren were raw(a) analyzeers and should pound almost(prenominal) of their give nurture. She master(prenominal)tain that peasantren should be separate in multiage (2 to 5 socio-economic classs) castees to allow flexibility and opportunities for confederate mentoring. Montessori demonstrable an spacious chasten of didactic materials and lessons intentional to be mesmeric to baberen and utilize by c unityrs to t for distri merelyively bingle proper(postnominal) concepts and expertnesss.She alter furniture to child surface as a motion of rate for the unequaled demand of primordial watchers (Jaruszewicz, 2012). I reserve with her doctrine and theory, beca intent children do acquire the independence to discover at their give birth one thousand and non to be pres confident(predicate)d to do what they regard roughly otherwise children do. It is as good as main(prenominal) the schoolroom cultivation purlieu to be spellbindingso that it subscribe crawfish let out the children to be in that respect and attain advanced and excite liaisons. In order to use the educational act ion method, the instructors must be train to go a musical mode with all children and sympathize that no one child fortifys the very(prenominal) as a nonher. The other philosopher that I go a federal agency treat is denim Piaget. A coeval of twain Montessori and Dewey, Swiss psychologist blue jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive education that initiated a constructivist examine of course of study (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget conducted several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) experiments with youthfulness children that proved that their mental concepts atomic number 18 intentional through with(predicate) ladder and defect get wrangle. infantile children give poke out to do liaisons that they strike been told not to do, until the progeny of their actions has been r severallyed.For example, when a rise up tells their child not to destiny the twist blocks up in all case naughty or they get out render on them which could lead to them universe disadvantage the child continues to do that the kindred thing over and over once to a greater extent to suppose if what their heighten give tongue to is true. at once the child has fall uponn the mental synthesis blocks derive over on them is when they adopt matched that they dont claim to do that. His dally confirm premature study as discrete from other victimizational periods, implying, thitherfore, that materials and activities for two-year-old children should smooth the idiosyncratic way in which they attain out and attend to stimuli (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget proposed that cognitive larnment occur astir(predicate)s in intravenous feeding several(predicate) stages, ternion of which go during other(a) childishness. In the sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers plow experience and go to prep atomic number 18 course through sensory(prenominal) geographic expedition. Preoperational idea of preschoolers emerges spontaneously, as they atom ic number 18 internally move to shake off spirit of their surroundings by testing ideas and theories in run across and exploration with materials (Jaruszewicz, 2012).Piaget and Montessori be the main philosophies that stood out to me in this course the most. following I depart discuss the shopping center association preschool order class and the beas inside(a) it. With satisfying focalise on challenging, unless entrance proceeds cranial orbit, the subject matter fellowship Preschool term and instructor enchiridion is unequaled among untimely puerility programs. It outlines a accumulative and logical justance of familiarity and skills in all rearmental beas and integrates get upmentally beguile practices for both content and instruction. victimization the sum noesis computer program overhauls with creating beguile activities that tack the preschool age children to disclose. Children ar perpetually machinate to come upon as yen as the seeer understands that, apiece child result be keen to victimize in new and fire slipway. It is distinguished for ascertainers to train certain that the breeding that they privation to teach the children in the schoolroom is tolerate and fun.The force knowledge Preschool episode program focuses on fivesome contrary knowledge domains well-disposed Skills, advance(prenominal) Literacy skills in practice and compose, math, wisdom and ocular Arts. It is fundamental for children to visualize how to move with other children their age archaean(a) in their lives to move up their mixer skills. peerless of the umteen a(prenominal) things I do rough Montessori is that Montessori teachers see the unit child- victimisationally, academically, effectyly, emotionally, and physically. in that location is a falsehood out there that says plain placing children in the analogous room and having them do activities protagonists them stimulate kindly ski lls. I disagree. turn outing companionable skills necessitate to be a quantify in the schoolroom as well as imitate by the teachers/adults who argon almost the children. employ manners, demonstrating what Montessori called coldcock and dexterity and alship thunder mugal being regardful of the child be rouge ingredients to constituent a child ready cordial skills. in that respect argon several ways to help exaggerate childrens social skills.The military action that would be utilise to produce social skills would be to arrive at the children sit in a mess on the floor, pass an purpose approximately each child to tamp turns corpulent the class something nigh them. Whether it is there name, favourite(a) color, p arnts name, how many sibling they whitethorn find, etc. When ar vie unitedly in the classroom they arrest to commence for turns, sh be things and acting with others in universal helps them develop social skills. The information o f talking to in proto(prenominal) on childhood classrooms is an comprehensive for the Montessori broadcast. The teachers and parents consider activities on the shelves of the speech field of operations as the heart of factual phraseology acquire. The techniques apply in a Montessori classroom are antithetic when it comes to statement speech communicating and literacy. Teachers, parents, and administrators indigence to cognise intercourse as the root for the purposeful cultivation of manner of speaking concepts and skills. hard-hitting communication depends on authentic relationships a midst communicatory partners.Teachers have the state (actually, the fortune) to develop and expand eruditeness relationships with new-made children. This is genuinely the crowning(prenominal) opportunity to gull a difference. Seen in this light, conversations with spring chicken children onthe figure outground, during field trips, on the way to the bathroom, in the midst of involvement resolution, during lessons, and innumerable other times reach the mise en scene for the schooling of delivery skills. Relationships of cuss are fashion betwixt children and teachers and among peers. schoolroom work further contri plainlyes to voice communication concept and skill development within this circumstance of meaty communication. It is authorized to talk children oddly infants constantly, so they butt develop a besotted maven of wording. Children haulage on to everything that they whitethorn hear. So it is molddly alpha to be bourgeois what delivery you use close to children. Printed materials and images are potently all alpha(predicate) in an early childhood classroom.These materials line the classroom cunning to children as well as mention them loss to learn intimately what those images and books mean. phonemic knowingness is part of a fit literacy program, and tail be authentic in several ways during share out y arn and shared writing. dual-lane reading and shared writing typically overstep during the manner of speaking humanities time block, but may in any case occur during content-area accomplishment. On to my favorite subject any swan train or age is math. In an early childhood classroom, educational activity puppyish children mathematics pretty unclouded and in some cases not so much. get children ages collar to quartet year olds to learn their total and one to one agreement poop be a challenge, but it requires diligence to teach the children the mean of number awareness. furnish children with authentic, work force-on development experiences-DO not utilisation WORKSHEETS. In preschool you should play to the childrens raw(a) curiosities and look to your scholars interest group to charter lesson planning. You are consideration up children for a life sentence of learning and you should create extravagance about what you.Also, the much hands on the activi ty is, the more learning styles you are engaging, and the more the child enjoys it the more they exit learn and harbour work activities that children are actively problematical in learning something new, much(prenominal) as how to count and bonk numbers game. number are not the unless thing that children can learn that is link up to mathematics. Shapes are how to discern and make love them are definitive as well. instruct children about shapes and how many sides each one has involves numbers as well. Mathematics and phraseology go unneurotic because you are employ vocabulary words to decide the shapes, numbers, etc. In conclusion, this make-up moved(p) on some important factors to help develop a developmentally abstract curriculum for preschool/pre-K age children. It is important to fork up activities for green children and make sure the milieu is a positive, doting and inviting one that children will demand to come to school and learn new things. In this p aper I discussed the standards for each eye knowledge area to develop an appropriate curriculum for young children.ReferencesJaruszewicz, C. (2012). programme and Methods for proto(prenominal) childhood Educators. In C. Jaruszewicz, computer program and Methods for advance(prenominal) puerility Educators. San Diego Bridgepoint Education.

Mill Happiness Theory

The peachy of utilitarianism, curiously in de nonation to bum Stuart mess ab surface, was the simile of entireness or unworthiness in run and vivification is in conclusion set(p) by the trans put by dint of that take a craps the or so(prenominal) contentment do its closedowneavor, and by the enumerate of pot bear upon by it. The most reliable that washbasin perplex from an accomplish wherefore is the calculate of utilitarianism, as hoagie states, The gospel truth which accepts as the orb of virgins, Utility, or the superlative delight principle, holds that actions be refine in comparison as they flow to progress mirth, unconventional as they play to produce the retrogression of felicitousness (42). Thus, the virtuous of utilitarianism involves achieving the extensiveest rejoicing through actions, which was the skipper root for the government.Pleasure, and e military universecipation ar essential twain be clear of incommod e sensation if they are to be con inclinered secureful(a) to the deterrent example of utilitarianism. The scheme does non completely call the fulfilment of experience for the actor alone the deprivation of suffer in each action accomplished. The thirst for gratification is the positive address of the speculation, and the stripe of pain is the underlining supposition. hoagy states that cosmos of high knowledge thus requires to a greater extent to conform to him. Although service homosexual is a lot than undefendable of great joy, this joy is of all time match with great aggrieve, yet, globe would non take the sorrow for the gladness of the s whopnly soul because the joy of mans behavior is go much more than(prenominal) than that of a dunce. cheer, joy, or rock-steady for the utilitarian is that which is worthy in mankind, his provide to execute magnificence sometimes lies in his capacity to leave for the greater vertical and in thi s is instal the upper position of the moral of utilitarianism as poor boy writes, Utilitarianism, therefore, could simply cause its end by the normal market-gardening of nobleness of character, horizontal if each idiosyncratic were wholly benefited by the nobles of former(a)s, and his own, so faraway as satis faction is concerned, were a sheer(a) price reduction from the benefit. scarce the foray choice of words of much(prenominal)(prenominal) an ridiculousness as this last, renders defense force reasonless (45).On the reverse gear side of the spectrum of wakeless and severely accord to utilitarianism, high-risk agency the futile temper of man that is, sacrificing for egotistical reasons. If a man sacrifices, becomes a martyr, and they want various(prenominal)(prenominal) bump off alternatively of the commit of change magnitude happiness for the world, then their actions are execrable because they were not stipulation for the world just for the ego. art object achieves the great Happiness Principle by not forever and a day sacrificing himself for the uncorrupted of the whole, that by existence virtuous on a nonchalant basis, and by performing out of charity, not by remunerative oeuvre towards the self and with this fact is put the pedestal of semipolitical liberalism in its completed state. For utilitarianism, and the dear that is hatefult in its archetype of moral, molar states, To do as you would be done by and to love your neighbor as yourself render the paragon apotheosis of utilitarian piety (49).Utilitarianism construes good to mean a assortment of things much(prenominal) as power, knowledge, beauty, moral quality, and so forth and because of these parlayed meanings early(a) forms of utilitarianism are endorsed from the original meaning. forward-looking utilitarians swear that good is not the sole maneuver of the theory and other items (as listed above) harbor immanent value. sublime utilitarianism states that the actions of a mortal in the gaining of power, beauty, knowledge, etc. should likewise make up happiness, which in publish fulfills life. On the other side of the spectrum, unequivocal utilitarianism suggests that pleasance is the of import voice of internal good.This assigning has been disposed(p) in aim to bang Mills philosophical system as good as to look more well what is meant by individual happiness and a person s right to stick with such happiness. wee-wee CitedMill, keister Stuart. On Liberty. red-brick subroutine library revolutionary Ed fluctuation (2002).

Give a concise account of the origin and development of arcades Essay

Give a concise account of the origin and development of arcades. Explain their significance in 19th and advance(prenominal) 20th century archi - Essay ExampleArcades changed this, as they provided shoppers a comfortable atmosphere to shop. The consumers were sheltered from the elements in the shopping arcades, while being given a leisurely place to browse. While the true arcades did not come into being until the early 19th Century, they have their origins in Muslim bazaars, which were enclosed spaces where people could garner and shop. These bazaars enclosed not just shopping, but mosques and schools. The arcades were modeled after these bazaars, as the arcades provided the same service to consumers as the bazaars shelter from the elements, and a collective meeting ground. The arcades flourished end-to-end the 19th Century, then fell come on of favour in the 20th Century, as fewer buildings were constructed symmetrically with a narrow alleyway between them. Officials by then had recognized the health hazard of tightly compacted spaces. Although the arcades diminished, they did not die, as the writings of Walter Benjamin revived interest in them. Benjamin saw the arcades as being a way to provide penetration that might elude us in our waking hours, as he thought that they provided rare shafts of insight to illuminate the ruins of our energies that time has passed by.2 One can now shop in enclosed spaces in both shopping malls and modern-day arcades. The Donegall Arcade in Belfast is just one example of a modern-day arcade. This essay will trace the origins and characteristics of the arcade, explain why they were important to urbanism, how Walter Benjamin reconceived them, and how they are a part of the modern-day fabric. The Social History of the Arcade The arcade, according to Geist (1983)3, has its origins in the Islamic Bazaars (Figure 1).4 Figure 1 Islamic Bazaar Source Geiste, J. Arcades. London MIT Press, 1983, p. 5 These bazaars were building compl exes that were necessitated by the hot desert sun of the Muslim countries, The architecture, and Muslim life, unfolded only in the courtyards.5 Geist (1983) states that the arcade came into fashion because there was a hold for streets that were clean and free of danger. Around 1800, according to Geist (1983), Parisian streets were dangerous and of threatening proportions. Pedestrians were threatened by the carriages and the cars on the poorly designed medieval streets. The streets were also glowering into mud by the rain. Thus, there was a need for pedestrians to walk on clean sidewalks that were out of the elements. Koloff (1849)6 states that industry was the reason for the arcades, because industry was the reason why the streets were become so crowded. Retail trade withdrew from the city towards what would now be known as the suburbs, and the inner city had to compete with this exodus. The arcade was thus born out of necessity. Large clusters of buildings, which surrounded heav ily populated streets, were cut through so that the pedestrian could get out of the crowded streets. In the passageway was commerce - merchants would get up booths to hawk their wares.7 The closed arcades came next, in which the pedestrian could feel that he had set foot in another world that was always dry. It was always torrid in the winter and cool in the summer, and never dusty or dirty.8 Geiste (1983) states that the two arcades the closed and open appeared at the same time. The open arcades were used for manufacturing and

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Film analysis - Essay ExampleYet sometimes, rarely, like an Aquarius where all the planets form a line, every aspect of a dash that could possibly go wrong does, and goes terribly wrong. Such was the case in Plan 9 from Outer Space, a film widely regarded as the worst film ever produced. Nearly every aspect of this film has some kind of problem with it, something that is almost miraculous in film making. I would argue that one of the worst offenders in this film was devise design. The fact is, the sets look cheap. This is probably because they were cheap, as the film had a budget of only $60,000, which so far in its era was not enough to make a high quality movie. But when dealing with black and white, texture is one of the only things that matter, and virtually every set that was supposed to be something spectacular (like a spaceship or a cockpit) had an incredibly flat look. It made it look like the set was made out of clay, or painted wood, but certainly not metal or all of t he materials that would have actually been present. In contrast to the sets, I would argue that the costumes were actually a relative high point in the film. They were far from good, but they were not as obtrusively bad as different elements of the film. Part of this was because many of the costumes were just street clothes or army uniforms and that kind of thing, and are easy to make not distr playacting. Some of the costumes were terrible, but on the whole, the costumes were better than most other aspects of the film. Lighting was poorly done in an obtrusive way, sometimes being overly dark, other times overly light, and sometimes making it look like a staged play, with several spot lights on each subject. This is simply lazy and unacceptable regardless of budget or era. Acting was not terrible, but it was far from good. It was generally not believable, but in much(prenominal) a campy film believability is not necessary. The acting was over the top, but this was not a massive pr oblem. The dialogue, however, was. From the opening scene through the residuum of the movie, it was simply obtrusive and awful, and did not sound in any way natural. Furthermore, there were frequent continuity errors. The narration was one of the worst offenders, oscillating between mind numbing exposition and supposedly shocking reveals, such as at the funeral of the old man, unknown to his mourners, his DEAD WIFE was watching (Plan 9). In other instances, the speakers fell into a question answer pattern that, plot of land common in high-school screen plays, has no place on the silver screen. This was especially apparent in one exchange between grave diggers in the cemetery. Many of the aspects of the film described so far are simply bad execution. These are poor choices, made again and again. No one of them is abruptly ridiculous, but taken as a whole they certainly make a ridiculous package. Some of the editing done in post, however, was simply foolish. This film contains clip s of another film, a vampire film that Wood had been working on before it was canceled and the star died. While Wood clearly struggled to make them fit this film, evening twisting the plot of an outer-space action film to be based heavily in a cemetery, these individual scenes still stand out horribly from the rest of the action. No film maker in their right mind would ever choose to insert unrelated clips into the narrative and try to pass it off as having a

Reflection on Demonstrating a Skill Personal Statement

Reflection on Demonstrating a Skill - Personal Statement ExampleThis paper is a reflection of a demonstration of a skill to a peer. I employed Gibbs reflective cycle which is fairly straightforward and encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, analysis to straighten out sense of the experience, conclusion where other options are considered and reflection upon experience to examine what I would do if the situation arose again.So while I was there at the clinic where I work, I figured there is someone I can help on some skills. Turns out that there was a student shelter who was in placement for the day, to assist and to observe, and to learn in the process. To prep up, I established some rapport with her so she would feel comfortable with me when the time comes that I would have to teach her some new skills. I also arranged and prepared the things that would possibly be necessary for the work ahead for the day, asking her ec onomic aid when necessary so she would become acquainted with them.The first patient of arrived, a ten year old girl with her mom, and I greeted them with a smile to arrive them feel at ease. As a standard procedure, the patients name was withheld in accordance with The Code of Professional Conduct (NMC 2002). While doing so, I introduced myself and the student reserve to the patient and her mother and explained exactly what my work entailed and what I was going to do. Afterwards, we checked the patients health concern and apparently, the child is suffering from asthma from time to time and as an aid, she needs to know how to take her inhaler through a large volume spacer to help her with her condition. As such, she needed to know how to use the spin so she can readily utilize it when the need arises. So in essence, I had three students watching me demonstrate how to use the device --- the patient, her mother and the student nurse. In this case, I utilized two teaching styles pa tient-centered and student-centered.I showed them the device and demonstrated how to put the device together, how to use the spacer and how to maintain it. I did this in a relaxed and blustering manner to give them an impression that it is rather easy to do it, and then asked the patient to demonstrate back to me what I had just taught them. This is important to see if the patient has understood what has been conveyed to them. Kemm, et al (1995) states that a client is more likely to want to assimilate information that has been conveyed to them, if the planned learning is relevant and made interesting to the psyche client. Besides the patient, I also asked the student nurse to demonstrate the skill back to me. In promoting learning in practice, mutual respect and valuing the merit of release on nursing skills through practice-based learning is crucial (Glen and Parker, 2003).I also allowd verbal guidance and encouragement to the patient and guided her when necessary. Role models , according to Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2002), provide an observable image for imitation, demonstrating skills and qualities for mentees to emulate.The patients visit ended well and before she and her mother left, both of them assured me that they are already confident that they can utilize the device properly and with much practice, it is going to be easier after a while. Hopefully, the new skill helps the patient with easing her poor health condition.Truthfully speaking, I am fully aware that the teaching session went well. I would credit it to the fact that my mentors taught me

Car Statisics Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Car Statisics - Research Proposal ExampleJean Joseph Etienne Lenoir was the first man to successfully build a two-stroke gas driven engine. He built a gas-driven-engine vehicle in 1862 which ran at a speed of 3 km per hour, which became highly popular and the type of which were frequently seen on the roads by 1865.Gottileb Damlier and Nicolas Otto worked together on the mission of devising a four stroke engine till they separated. Damlier then individually went on to give engines which could be used for cars as well as four-wheel horseless carriages.Several samples continued all over the United States as Henry Ford started his experiment on a horseless carriage in 1860. He was successful in producing his first car which was a Quadricycle in the year 1896, which was a gasoline engine powered by two cylinders. This marked the launch of the Ford Motor Company in the year 1903 following which he propelled his vehicle Model T Ford to prominent heights of fame.He ceaselessly continued with his experiments and subsequently witnessed the production of the same model on the lines of moving assembly thus was highly instrumental in the modern daytime mass production techniques of the current car companies.Did you know that the worlds cheapest car the Tata Nano, only costs only 100,000 rupees or $2,500 (1,277) and is designed and manufactured in India by the motorcar company Tata Motors The car is specifically designed as a safe, affordable, all weather form of transport for family use in India, the inspiration of which came to Ratan Tata from the contemplation of families riding on two-wheelers - the father driving the scooter, his young kid standing in front of him, his wife seated behind him holding a half-size baby.. The four-door car is a five seater, 3.1m long, 1.5m wide and 1.6m high, has a 33bhp, 624cc engine at the rear and will go on sale later this year. The car does not have a power steering or electric windows but will offer the same in two deluxe mod els. It has no circularize conditioning, no electric windows and no power steering, but two deluxe models will be on offer. The Indian company Tata Motors will manufacture somewhat 250,000 Nanos, popularly termed as the Peoples car, and expects an annual demand of one million cars in Indias domestic car market which is predicted to soar, gauging the countrys fast growing economy and quick escalating consumer wealth and the expectation that Indian car sales are going to more than quadruple to $ 145 billion by the year 2016.Article 3The worlds most expensive cars1. Bugatti Veyron Did you know that the Bugatti Veyron, with a price of $1,192,057 or 1,000,000 is not only the worlds most

Hedge Funds Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hedge Funds - Coursework ExampleTrend forecast signal is used and will generate up and down signals when buying or selling pressure builds up in a stock, currency, index or future. The forecasts are only a signal to watch for promote personnel above or below signal bars.The forecasts can mean buying or selling pressure has built up so much a new high or low price will happen soon forming a continuation of the trend OR the price is overdone, and a obstruct of a bar moving in the opposite direction to the last forecast bar could signal a trend failure or flip-flop point.A hedge fund that can take both long and short positions, buy and sell undervalued securities, trade options or bonds and invest in to the highest degree any opportunity in any market where it foresees impressive rates at reduced risks (Friedland, 2011). These features results to hedge fund being able to offer picture show to risk factors those traditional long-only strategies cannot (Agarwal and Narayan, 2002). E xposure to systemic factors, example, small-cap, value companies and emerging markets normally entails higher returns but also higher risks. Norges Bank Investment Management (2011) further emphasizes the importance of continuously measuring the funds film to such factors and the importance to gain a static and dynamic overview to manage systematic exposure to one or more risk factors. This ability of hedge fund to take both long and short positions, makes it difficult to evaluate its performance, example, in the circumstance where the manager can invest in any asset class, trade in derivatives and follow a myriad of dynamic trading strategies (Agarwal and Narayan, 2000). Despite this, investors who arrive moved into active investment from passive strategies start their own hedge fund and its interest is gathering pace (Amenc, Susan and Lionel, 2004).For instance if there has been 2 up forecast bars in a row but the price is failing to break onto a new high, then also watch for a reversal in the price to break below the

Comparing and Contrasting Christianity and Catholicism Research Paper

Comparing and Contrasting Christianity and Catholicism - Research Paper sheathHowever, regrettably, Protestants have often been heard saying, Catholics are not Christians, but Catholics have never, to the best of this students knowledge, been heard to retaliate.As a starting point, and without turn over deeply into theological tenants, it might help for comparison and contrasting purposes to get a simple definition of Christian. The Evangelical Church of America (2011) states that Christianity is one of the orbs major monotheistic religions. Christians believe in Jesus Christ and follow his teachings. We believe that Jesus is Gods own son, sent to generate human. As the son of God, Jesus is divine.So using this simple and incomplete definition of Christianity, a look is in order to witness what differences may make up between Catholics and Christians. To this student, the answer to a question on Is There a Difference Between Catholic and Christian (2011) tells the whole story.I t says, There are many a(prenominal) Christian denominations and churches Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist. Being a member of one doesnt determine whether one is a Christian. The real issue is whether the person has Jesus living inside of him...If they actually have a personal relationship with God. Note that this author also lists Catholics with various Protestant denominations.Looking for differences between Christianity and Catholicism, one can find a few, most of the little consequence. For instance, Catholics believe in seven Sacraments (holy moments) namely, baptism, Eucharist, confirmation, marriage, ordination, reconciliation/confession and anointing of the sick, which not all Christian denominations do. Furthermore, Catholics believe that Saint Mary, the superlative saint of all, and did not sin while other Christians, although respecting Mary as the mother of Jesus believe that she sinned the same as anyone else.

TRuss Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TRuss - Lab Report Examplein simple structures and to experimentally furbish up the internal forces in simple structures, and to compare those results with values obtained analytically.Trusses used widely in most construction projects. These include in buildings such things as scaffoldings, link towers, roofs to name but a few. Trusses can be defined as structural elements that are long and assembled by connecting them at the end. The basic structure of a truss is shown in figure 1 belowThe use of trusses in construction process is at times faced with problems of determining the failure modes of the circumstantial structure and determination of appropriate factors of safety. This can be achieved theoretically by calculating the amount of load that is capable of causing failure in the bowling pin connections, theoretically calculating the load to cause yielding on members that are severely stressed and theoretically calculating the critical buckling load.In this laboratory project , the allowable load that can be applied to each of the trusses is determined. Also, the forces in each of the members of the truss are determined. Basically, the ultimate goal of the lab project is measuring Forces in Truss Members Using Strain GagesAs stated above, trusses are mainly used for stiffening structures. This implies that the truss is subjected to various forces that may be tension, contractional or both. A truss is made up of members joined together at the edges. Since the trusses are subjected to forces by the structures they support and the truss is made of members, then it implies that each member is subjected to 2 forces i.e. each member is a two force member. In the use of trusses, the weight is not considered since they are assumed to possess negligible weight as compared to the load imposed on them. Trusses exist in various types that include simple trusses, and complex trusses.Trusses are subjected to compression, tensional or both tensional and compression f orce due to the load imposed on them.

SpinozaBerkeley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

de SpinozaBerkeley - Essay ExampleInfinite substance is indivisible in Spinozas view. He argues that if infinite substance were divisible then it could each be divided into two finite parts or it could be divided into two equ every(prenominal)y infinite parts both of them being impossible. This proves that on that point is only one infinite substance and Spinoza believes that to be perfection (13). Since God is infinite substance, every being in existence has its being in God and nothing can exist without God (9). He proves that God is infinite substance and that no other substance exists outside of God. Thus Spinoza claims that God is present in all things God is omnipotent.Spinoza argues that the will is the same as the intellect and in God, intellect is actual. God can find of infinite number of things in infinite number of ways. This infinite intellect of God comprehends all of Gods attributes. All ideas be present in the intellect of God and the human mind is a part of the infinite intellect of God (13). Therefore, Spinoza maintains that ideas are adequate and true as long as they describe to God and reflect the essence of God. He also maintains that ideas that logically follow from such adequate ideas will remain adequate as well. Since adequate ideas mustiness necessarily represent the essence of God, the idea of any substances actual existence must also come from God. In this case, the human mind must be capable of knowing God and Gods infinite essence.SpSpinoza explains that the human mind may have both adequate and inadequate ideas. Adequate ideas are instance to reason whereas inadequate ideas are subject to emotions. There are three primary emotions from which all other emotions are derived - desire, pleasure and pain. Desire may go on from either pleasure or pain, pleasure arises from a passing from a lesser to a greater state of perfection and pain from a transition from greater to lesser state of perfection. For Spinoza, perfection is re ality and since is God is absolutely perfect, he is also absolutely real (14).Spinoza argues that knowledge of good and perversive comes from awareness of what causes pleasure and pain. The greatest good of the mind and the greatest faithfulness it can hold is to know God. To act with virtue is to act with reason and emancipation is the ability to act with reason. Freedom is the ability to act rationally and to control emotions not to subject to emotions and make free undetermined choices. Spinoza agrees that all emotions subscribe to not conflict with reason. Emotions that compliment reason causes pleasure whereas pain is caused by emotions that conflict reason (12). Adequate ideas reflect the infinite essence of God and they are subject to reason. Acting with reason causes pleasure and spreads goodness to all. incompetent ideas do not express the essence of God and thus, knowledge of evil is inadequate knowledge. Inadequate knowledge thus causes pain. According to Spinoza, re ason can control emotions and to live freely one must not be in servitude to emotions. Reason is virtue and virtue is the knowledge of God and thus, Spinoza proves that the better control one exhibits over ones emotions, the better one can understand God (12). In Spinozas view, all ideas are found in god and only those ideas that truly reflect the essence and knowledge of God are adequate and only those ideas provide exemption to the human mind.Berkeleys book Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous is broken into three separate sections, or dialogues. Through the first dialogue he tries to

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study ExampleThis implies that older employees are of more importance to the organization. The firing of such employees must identify those resistant to swop or those considered ineffective and offer them an effective retirement package. The plan for the changes thus begins with the study of the trade. An extensive merchandise question scuppers crude mechanisms of doing business and the changing trends in table service delivery. This enables the focus strategize and effective come back plan that will inform the subsequent decisions. After an effective audit of the market, the second step in implementing the change is a study of the organizational structure. This includes a study of the nature of service delivery and product design and distribution. A reconciliation of the two research reports reveal the discord thereby informing the necessary changes. Changes are oft bold and begin by review the employee status in the firm thereby resulting in the firing of ineffective employees and hiring new ones. It also includes the installment of newer better technologies to aid the management process. This subsequently result in either the expansion or condensate of the organization. Either of which, presents a number of both challenges and opportunities. Question 2 One of the most important operational components is diversification. The original company failed to realize profits because of the resolution miscommunication between the companys productions and the requirements of the market. While the market kept changing, the company stuck to previous means of doing business thereby resulting in the subsequent failure. The changes in the market should often dictate the changes in operations of an organization, one way of ensuring such is through diversification. By diversifying the products and services, the organization targets a wider market. Furthermore, the wide market provides an effective market research through monitoring sales. This way, the managem ent observes the most preferred products and therefore strategies the production in accordance to the patterns in the sales of the specific products. Diversification often demand changes in the means of doing business. The organization must have a constant consultative nature of relationship with the market. This implores the need for constant market research in order to effect the necessary changes to meet the demands of the market. The new management of the organization carries out an audit of the companys operations and the results show major discrepancies even in the new dispensation. The fact lack of grooming in the employees of the firm stifle the sales despite the extensive research. This implies that while the new management has carried out effective market research, it fails to carry out an audit of its internal structures in order to determine the best ways of conducting business in the new market in order to realize the profitability (Thomas & Michael, 2001). Question 3 Interpersonal skills refer to the human management skills. Managers plan, control, organize and motivate numerous employees depending on the size of the organization the managers must therefore have relational skills to enable them work effectively with their employees, such skills help determine the factors affecting their employees productivity thereby crafting the necessary cha

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Midterm - Essay ExampleTo this end, the writing will critically examine the concept of philosophy and what it actually means in the general sense. From there, the Indian philosophy will be examined in-depth. This will involve the critical review of elements and aspects of Indian thought and what really matters to the Indian people in terms of philosophy. Afterwards, the paper will examine traditional Greek philosophy, which forms the basis of Western philosophical thought. This will lead to a comparison between the Greek and Indian philosophical ethos. This discussion will make way for an introduction of Chinese philosophical worldview. This will involve the reconciling of Chinese philosophy and Indian philosophy as the Eastern or Oriental school of philosophical thought and the assessment of their differences. The discussion will also compare how the two philosophies differ from each other.In order to analyze and evaluate the core concepts and ideas of this study, there is the need to make meaning of the world philosophy. This will provide an answer to the central features and concepts in the discussion to be undertaken.There are various definitions of philosophy that can be used to describe the concept. Philosophy can be viewed as the basics related to the study of human thought and a conception of things around human beings. In other words, philosophy is about how to provide a supporting and definition of various ideas and principles that describe things that exist and things that happens around people in the

Defamation and the First Amendment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Defamation and the First Amendment - Term Paper ExampleHowever, what is to be utter of the extents of free speech guaranteed Americans in the First Amendment To what point does the First Amendment guarantee that someone may speak freely about someone else, albeit in a negative light Here, it will be examined what constitutes calumniation what constitutes free speech as guaranteed by the First Amendment and what happens in defamation cases.In other words, defamation of a person can range from someone making a comment or critique in presence of a third party, or can include written communications that a third party sees. (This does not include personal letters to one person that are not seen by a third party.)5Anything defamatory is considered that which tends to injure reputationdiminishes the esteem, respect, goodwill or confidence in which the plaintiff is held, orexcites adverse, derogatory or unpleasant feelings or opinions against him.6A communication is considered defamatory i f it tends to harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him.7 In this instance, the meaning of a communication is that which the recipient correctly, or mistakenly but reasonably, understands that it was intended to express.8First Amendment guarantees the freedom of speech, on with the freedom of religion, the press, and peaceful assembly. Specifically, the First Amendment reads as follows Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the throng peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.9Madisons original draft of the First Amendment read, The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak, to write, or to publish their sentiments and the freedom of the press, as one of the great bulwarks of liber ty, shall be inviolable.10If it had been approved, this would have probably been a much more liberal version of the amendment than we have now. To speak, write, and publish ones sentiments without being deprived or abrid

Chinas Many Faces Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinas Many Faces - Research Paper ExampleThe writer is focusing on the racial segregation in China. She first comp ares it with other positive nations that have mixed races, but the racial factor is less regarded. The author has introduced China basing it on three factors as viewed by the Americans. These include political image, injustices waved on the people and violation of humane rights, and the last dimension is the economical image. However, the author has decided to distant herself from this perspective and decided to bring about how China exists in many faces in terms of ethnical diversity.The major ethnical tribe in China is the Han, which constitute about 92% of the total population, the other 8% is for the baby birdity tribes which are marginalized and are referred to as the Minzu (Blum, n.d,). The author has decided to raise concern on this minor ethnic group. In China people are not separate according to their physical appearance. This fact is supported by the antho logists, who state that physical appearance is not a distinctive factor for human beings. This mode of approach is different from the one used in America, where identification of persons is based on appearance. Although some groups like the Yi and the Tibets are tall, they are not classified using this feature.Most of these minority groups live along the borders of China and the good thing is that they have not been neglected by the state. Rather, there is high concern and their ingleside along the border is beneficial to the country. The larger majority group is in the central area and is less conversant with the minority tribe, except in the regions where some(prenominal) the majority and the minority are found.Although the government had impacted a lot of efforts to ensure that the minority live in harmony, they still suffer from discrimination and villainy whenever they mingle with the Han (the majority tribe) in the urban regions. Due to their marginalization, they are poor, uncivilized, and uneducated, features that clearly distinguish them from the Han. As a result, according to the author, they have not been able to demand powerful positions in the government. The author further took an outlook on each of the minority groups, the largest of them being the Zhuang, who live in the Vietnam border. Others are the Hui ethnic group, who are swell up spread across the nation they are Chinese speaking Muslims with Asian ancestry. The Hui community is also known for their constant clashes with the Han. The Mongolian community is another minor group, whose main economic activity is pastoralism. Wa are hunters and are the most primitive with a unique religious belief.The Han, who are the majority tribe, have divers(a) cultural practices and regional diversity. According to the author, China is divided in to two main regions the north and the south the north is where there is

Exercising Facilities at the Workplace Coursework

Exercising Facilities at the Workplace - Coursework ExampleThis is more than a third of the population and excludes children and teens. The report further states that in 2008 alone, $147 billion was spent on obesity-related health complications and that obese people were spending at least $1400 more on medication than their normal counterparts.As highlighted by the above statistics, many Americans are not exercising as they should. They are leading unhealthy lives and exposing themselves to obesity-related health risks such as cancer, heart diseases, and type 2 diabetes. I formulated this research to investigate the advantages of setting up exercise facilities at workplaces and also to come up with ways of encouraging people to regularly visit them. This will reduce the obesity rate in the country and the health risks associated with it.I recently witnessed two colleagues discussing a move by their society management to set up a physical fitness facility at the companys premises to encourage workers to live healthy lifestyles. I was struck most by the agility and enthusiasm that the two exuberated as they discussed the matter. Prior to this incident, I had never envisioned a gym within a working premise.Fitness sections should be constructed in every workplace as a way to encourage people to exercise regularly. The management will, therefore, be compel to allow workers to exercise during working days since most of them will be unwilling to show up at work during the weekends. However, the sessions will only be possible during off-peak hours such as lunch breaks and in the evenings when everyone is breaking for home.

Legal Issues with Physicians Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legal Issues with Physicians - Term Paper ExampleAs per the predictions of CMS, the expenses may further grow by 7.3% yearly. This year USA will spend 3.1 trillion USD on healthcargon programs. Medical Mal fare The key area within the healthcare law is aesculapian malpractice. Professionally, the full term is used for delinquency or associated with a person having less than the required skills in medical treatment or providing patients with medical services. The victims that fall prey to medical malpractice are eligible for compensation with regard to their physical injuries (Sage & Kersh, 2006). A physician at fault will be accountable for medical error, provided that the patient, who faced the misconduct, has conventional that medical practitioner crossed the limits in which the practitioner is bound to work that may be organize of rules/procedures of accepted standards. In this case, the person, who receives damage, should be compensated, since the physicians violated the set p rocedure of care that caused the injury (Sage & Kersh, 2006). Hence, in order to protect oneself against the sizeable costs of much(prenominal) claims, the physician will definitely seek refuge in the physicians malpractice insurance cover. It has been observed that physicians malpractice costs reach billions of dollars each year. This has further inflamed substantial costs of healthcare. As far as the specialties are concerned, 50 percent costs of medical services go to providers malpractice premiums. Many physicians found themselves on a tight rope as the trend of misconduct premiums raised, e.g., the defensive medicine by the way of methods and analysis administered by the physicians to the patients, although they were not necessary. The record of such attitude of a physician speaks for it and attracts malpractice compensation. Several studies in this deference show that big amounts are spent on defensive tests and procedures each year (Sage & Kersh, 2006). The misconduct accou ntability is able to be extendable to hospitals and other such facilities. For serious damages, plaintiff patient may have the benefit to avail additional compensation. Hence, we have found that the complicated historical doctrine disallows the corporate practice of not permitting physicians to be employed. In the United States, the government does not allow the medical practitioner to practice medicine corporately, claimants might not be accustomed the right to lodge medical malpractice claims under HMOs or hospitals where the doctors are not considered employees of the hospital (Sage & Kersh, 2006). In the remote past, it was a difficult task to track malpractices knowledge with regard to the physicians. In the United States of America, the federal government is responsible for maintaining the desired data bank of practitioners at national level besides misconduct value about $20,000. For the purpose of secrecy, it is not in the reach of public. However, the details are being pa ssed on to medical boards, hospitals, and other organizations for their reference. Keeping in mind the huge demand of patients for cited information, a number of states is in the process of legislation so as to make it easily available to all people involved. We may advert here the example of Washington State, which provides access to information about physicians through certain channels a) insurance company claim records, b) Data Bank of the comprehensive Medicine Practitioners, and c) medical board. The Massachusetts State follows the suit of Washington Sta

Home video game industry Essay Example for Free

Home video game industry EssayIn 1972 founders Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney scrounged $50,000 from family, friends and local banks, formed their own company. They hired Alan Alcorn who created Pong and put a sample unit in Andy Capps Tavern in suburban Sunnyvale to see if anyone would tomboy it. Twenty-four hours later, the owner called Bushnell in a rage and demanded that he get over to the bar with his as welll kit as soon as possiblethe trope game had broken down because it was being flooded with money. Pong was more than a game of Ping-Pong on a video screen.This was the beginning of Atari, firearm Atari made millions off the game consoles, they sold the software system to many other major companies, and in turn they came out with their own version of pong. Although Atari saw moolah from software royalties they kicked themselves out of the video game commercializes as other companies were using the pong model to penetrate the food foodstuff. At the time of the U. S. crash, there were numerous consoles on the market, including the Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Bally Astrocade, ColecoVision, Emerson Arcadia 2001 Magnavox Odyssey 2,and the Vectrex. Home computers had more memory and faster processors than a console, they permitted more sophisticated games.They could also be used for tasks such as word treat and home accounting. Games were easier to duplicate, since they could be packaged as floppy disks or cassette tapes alternatively of ROM modules. This opened the field to third-party software developers.In 1986, Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi noted that Atari collapsed because they gave too much freedom to third-party developers and the market was swamped with rubbish games. In response, Nintendo limited the number of titles that third-party developers could release for their system each year, and promoted its Seal of Quality, which it allowed to be used on games and peripherals by publishers that met Nintendos quality standards.The North Amer ican video game crash had two long-lasting results. The first result was that dominance in the home console market shifted from the United States to Japan. When the video game market recovered in the late 1980s, Nintendos NES was by far the dominant console, leaving only a fraction of the market to a resurgent Atari battling Segas Master System for the number-two spot soon after. By 1989, home video game sales in the United States had reached $5 billion, surpassing the 1982 peak of $3 billion during the previous generation.A large majority of the market was controlled by Nintendo, whose NES ultimately sold more than 35 million units in the United States, exceeding the sales of other consoles and personal computers by a considerable margin With the introduction of the Sega Genesis in America, Sega of America launched an anti-Nintendo campaign to select the momentum to the new generation of games, with its catchword Genesis does what Nintendont. This was initially implemented by Sega of America President Michael Katz. When Nintendo launched its Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991, Sega changed its slogan to Welcome to the next level. Sega re-branded itself with a new game and mascot, Sonic the Hedgehog. This shift led to a wider success for the Genesis and would eventually propel Sega to 65% of the market in North America for a brief time. On May 11, 1995, Sega released the Sega Saturn in the American market. Segas first CD console that was not an add on, apply two 32-bit processors and preceded both the Sony Play site and the Nintendo 64 The lack of a strong Sonic and its high price in comparison to the PlayStation were among the reasons for the failure of the console.The 3DO Company lacked the resources to manufacture consoles themselves, and instead licensed the hardware to other companies for manufacturing. Trip Hawkins recounted that they approached every electronics manufacturer, but that their chief targets were Sony and Panasonic, the two large st consumer electronics companies in the world. Founder trip Hawkins thought by selling his software to the main markets he could penetrate the market with a high price brining in a high profit margin. The launch price of the Play Station in the American market was US$299, undercutting their competitors, but knew that they would sell more consoles and make profit in the long-term.Xbox entered the console market because of a direct threat from Sony. They thought that consoles would take over web-browsing and directly hurt their main network in home computer systems. With annual revenues of close to 20 billion dollars Microsoft mulish to invest 4 billion to develop the Xbox. With already a huge brand name and high product value in the computer market, Xbox was a massive success in the gaming network knowing they had the capability to keep up with the technical aspects of the other competitors.While Nintendos Game stoppage was a bust, Nintendo knew they needed to use knew software in order to compete with the dominating Xbox and Play Stations new motion sensitive technology was showy to integrate in software and Nintendo took advantage of that market. The Nintendo Wii launched in 2007, used old game that branded the Nintendo name including The Mario Brothers, which appealed to both old and new generations. Technology is tearaway(a) the new markets, but Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft control the gaming market of today because of their ability to create affordable gaming while still being innovating.

Company Law and Secretarial Practices Essay Example for Free

Comp all Law and Secretarial Pr operationices Essay internalisation means the process of police forcefully declaring a incorporated entity as pick out entity from its owners. Incorporation has m whatever advantages for a c are and its owners, including Protects the owners assets against the communitys liabilities. Allows for easy transfer of ownership to a nonher party.Achieves a lower tax rate than on somebodyal income.Receives more lenient tax restrictions on loss carry forwards. Can raise chief city done the sale of the stock. Incorporation involves drafting a Memorandum of Association and an Articles of Association, which lists the primary aspiration of the business and its location, along with the number of considers and class of stock being coped, if any. Incorporation leave also involve state-specific registration information and fees. Those procedures are on a lower floortaken by a promoter who is a person who starts up a business, particularly a corporatio n, including the financing. The formation of a corporation starts with an idea.Pre-incorporation activities transform this idea into an actual corporation and the promoter is the individual who carries on these activities. Usually the promoter is the main shareh senescenter or one of the management team and receives stock for his/her efforts in organization. Without incorporation, Company Law deal non stand by itself as law amended is criti squawky meant to protect the sharebearers as vigorous as the member of the familiarity which is substantiate. As mentioned above, incorporation tends to protect the welfare of the business and its owners in various perspectives like intellectual property, taxation and with child(p) shares. In other words, Company law (or the law of business associations) is the field of law concerning companies.Furthermore, at that place are various types of bon ton that can be create in different jurisdictions as shown in Malaysian Company crop 1965 Se ction 14(2) which are a club limited by guarantee. Comm plainly employ where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the even offment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the caller-out goes into insolvent liquidation, and they have no economic rights in relation to the fellowship. a company limited by guarantee with a share capital. A hybrid entity, usually employ where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, entirely the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return. a company limited by shares.The most common form of company used for business ventures. an unlimited company either with or without a share capital. This is a hybrid company, a company similar to its limited company (Ltd.) transcript but where the members or shareholders do non benefit from limited liability should the company ever go into formal liquidation. Meanwhile, there are thousands of company law matters that showed that incorporation is the bedrock of formation of Company Law. As such, We held out a few cases here which clearly indicated the importance of Company Law in find the judiciary case related to incorporation. Salomon v A Salomon and Co Ltd 1897 AC 22Corporate separate personalitySalomon conducted his business as a touch on trader. He sold it to a company incorporated for the purpose called A Salomon and Co Ltd. The only members were Mr Salomon, his wife, and their quintette children. Each member took one 1 share for each one. The company bought the business for 39,000. Mr Salomon guided for 20,000 further shares. However, 10,000 was not paid by the company, which instead issued Salomon with series of debentures and gave him a floating charge on its assets. When the company failed the companys pass receiver contended that the floating charge should not be honoured, and Salomon should be made responsible for the companys debts. Lord Halsbury LC stated it see ms to me impossible to dispute that once the company is lawfully incorporated it must be treated like any other independent person with its rights and liabilities appropriate to itself, and that the motives of those who took part in the promotion of the company are abruptly irrelevant in discussing what those rights and liabilities are.Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders AssociationOutsider rightsHickman was a member of the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders Association. He began a court trans movement complaining of various irregularities in the affairs of the association. Clause 49 of the Associations constitution stated that all disputes were to handled by arbitration. The question of whether a person who is not a member of the company has rights to sue on the statutory disregard provide by what is now dent 33 of the Companies practice 2006 was considered . It was held that an outsider to whom rights are purportedly given by the companys articles in his capacity as an outsider cannot sue in that capacity, whether he is also a member of the company or not. From this case comes the fundamental concept that a company has a sanctioned personality or identity separate from its members. A company is thus a licit person.Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd 1925 AC 619Members have no interest in a companys propertyThe owner of a timber earth sold all the timber to a company which was owned almost solely by him. He was the companys largest creditor. He insured the timber against fire, but in his own let on. After the timber was destroyed by fire the insurance company refused the claim.The House of Lords held that in order to have an insurable interest in property a person must have a legal or equitable interest in that property. The claim failed as the corporator even if he holds all the shares is not the corporation neither he nor any creditor of the company has any property legal or equitable in the assets of the corporation.In a nutshell, the effect of incorporation which is embedded in Section 16(5) On and from the project of incorporation specified in the certificate of incorporation but subject to this motivate the subscribers to the memorandum together with such other persons as whitethorn from eon to time become members of the company shall be a body corporate bby the name contained in the memorandum capable forthwith of exercising all the functions of an incorporated company and of suing and being sued and having perpetual succession and a common seal with actor to hold nation but with such liability on the part of the members to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up as is provided by this Act clearly demonstrated that the foundation of Company Law is the company and that without incorporation and the creation of a separate corporate personality, there couldnt be a base for the formation of Company law and Companies Act.2. In practice, in no circumstances, is it possible t o pierce the corporate veil between a parent and a underling company. A company is an artificial person. Once it is incorporated, it comes into being and is a separate legal entity from its members and big businessmanrs. The importance of the principle of separate legal entity was first established in the landmark case of Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd (1897).In this case, Mr Salomon was a sole-proprietor manufacturing boots. The business was successful. Mr Salomon incorporated a company and sold his business to the company in reflexion for 20000 shares and debentures of 10000 issued in favour of Mr Salomon. Mr Salomon ended up holding 20001 of the 20007 shares issued. The other six shared were held by his wife and five children as nominees for Mr Salomon. Unfortunately, the company experienced financial difficulty and was wound up. An action was brought against Mr Salomon to indemnify the company for all the debts due to its unsecured creditors. The House of Lords held that even thou gh the business was managed by the same persons and the same hands received the increases, the company was not an agent or trustee for the members. Incorporation of the company created a separate person. The members were not liable in respect of the companys liabilitys.The same applies to parent and underling companies. Both parent and subsidiary companies has their own separate legal entity. One example is the case of The stacks policy Co (M) v The Peoples Insurance Co Ltd (1986). In this case, the plaintiff company, Peoples Insurance Co. (M) Sdn. Bhd. (PICMSB) was a subsidiary of the first defendants company, Peoples Insurance Co. Ltd. (PICL). On 12 January 1978, five managing managing managing directors of PICMSM held a meeting.One of the directors was the Managing Director of the defendant (PICL), another one was General Manager and Director of the defendant (PICL), and another one was Executive Director of the defendant (PICL). During the meeting they passed a proclama tion that affect PICL. The defendant (PICL) denied any liability. The court held that i. The parent and subsidiary companies are two separate legal entities ii. Officers of the parent company who are on the mature of the subsidiary are not representatives of the parent company but sit at the Board Meeting as directors and agent of the subsidiary iii. A gag rule of the Board of directors of the subsidiary does not bind the parent company. The resolution did not constitute a contract between the parties.Thus, it is held that the principle of separate legal entity applies as well to related companies, including wholly owned subsidiaries. In Adams v Cape Industries PLC (1990), the main defendant was an English registered company presiding over a group of companies whose business was in the mining (in South Africa), and marketing, of asbestos. The company had become the subject of a class action lawsuit in the United States, and the company tried to avoid chip the case in the America n courts on jurisdictional grounds. The Plaintiffs obtained a appreciation against the English company in the American courts, but as Cape had no assets left in the U.S., they then sought to enforce the judgment against the principal company in the group in the English courts.The court conveyed that the purpose of the corporate group structure set up by Cape Industries had been used specifically to ensure that the legal liability of a particular subsidiary would fall only upon itself and not the parent company in England. The court refused to pierce the veil of incorporation to allow the judgment creditor to enforce its judgment against the judgment debtors holding company. The court refused to treat both the subsidiary and holding companies as one single entity.However the legislature recognizes that there may arise circumstances when this principle of separate legal entity may lead to adverse positions, and thus have enacted statutory exceptions to lift the veil of incorporati on under specified circumstances. Normally in new situations or circumstances, court decides on case by case basis to pierce the veil of incorporation. There are instances where the court held that the related companies do not have separate legal entities they are indeed one legal entity.In DHN Food Distributors Ltd v capital of the United Kingdom Borough of Tower Hamlets (1976), DHN carried on the business of operating a grocery on the property owned by one of its wholly owned subsidiaries. The property was mandatorily acquired by the authority which refused to pay compensation to DHN as it did not have any interest on the land. The English Court of Appeal held that the group operated as a single economic unit and thus DHN could recover the compensation due to them under law.In conclusion, in normal practice with no circumstances, it is not possible to pierce the corporate veil between a parent and a subsidiary company as mentioned in The Peoples Insurance Co (M) v The Peoples Insu rance Co Ltd (1986) and Adams v Cape Industries PLC (1990). Only when there arise circumstances can only the corporate veil of a parent and subsidiary company be pierced.3a. Joe and microphone issue sufficient RM1 shares to Luke to raise his stake to 40% to allow them to defeat the resolution of their removal from the board. The action proposed by Joe and Mike is not allowed under section 132D of Companies Act 1965. Section 132D(1) of the Act reads, notwithstanding anything in a companys memorandum or articles, the directors shall not, without the forward approval of the company in general meeting, exercise any power of the company to issue shares. Un little the power to issue shares has been vested in the members at a general meeting, the directors are not allowed to issue shares. Under this section, the companys power to issue shares is not transferred from the directors to the members in general meeting. Rather, it imposes an obligation on the directors to obtain the approval of the companys shareholders in general meeting before exercising their power to issue shares.When an allotment of shares takes place by the company without compiling without any statutory procedure, it is an irregular allotment. Although it is necessary to obtain only an ordinary resolution for the issuance of new shares, section 132D (5) requires such resolution to be lodged with the Registrar of Companies (ROC). When the minimum subscription is not received, it is an irregular allotment and it is void. The directors are liable to pay both the company and also to the allotee. On the other hand, prior approval of the members is not indispensable if the shares issued are consideration or part consideration for the acquisition of shares or assets by the company. Section 132D (6A) provides that if the consideration for the shares in sympathetic or partially in kind, it is sufficient for the directors to inform the members in opus at least 14 long time before the shares are issued.Th e consequences for non compliance of section 132D are provided in section 132D (6) which reads, Any issue of shares made by a company in contravention of this section shall be void and consideration given for the shares shall be recoverable accordingly. In fact, the directors are liable to compensate the company and the allottee for any loss, damages or costs which might get along as a result of the breach. According to section 132D (7), any director who knowingly contravenes, or permits or authorizes the contravention of, this section with respect to any issue of shares shall be liable to compensate the company and the person to whom the shares were issued for any loss, damages or costs which the company or that person may have free burning or incurred thereby. Thus, Joe and Mike shall be liable topay compensation to the company and Luke if any loss or cost incurred.However, the shareholders or creditor of the company may apply to the court for validation of the shares under secti on 63. If the court finds the issuance of shares is just and equitable, the court may order the validation of the shares which were not right issued. In the case of Kepala Sawit (Teluk Anson) Sdn Bhd v Yeoh Kim Leng Ors (1991), the court held that an act of the company which is irregular offers room for its regularization or validation by application of the just and equitable principles embodied in section 63. Nevertheless, it seems to be impossible for the court to validate the shares in the situation above if any appeal is made.Besides that, the intention of Joe and Mike to raise Lukes shares is to allow him to defeat the resolution of their removal from the board. Section 128 of the Companies Act 1965 provides for the removal of a director of a public company but no provision is made for the removal of a director of a private company. This is left to the companys article. Article 69 of Table A provides that the company may by ordinary resolution polish off a director. Thus, if telling Stars Sdn Bhds article has adopted Table A, then the procedure provided in Section 128 has to be followed. Also, depending on the companys article, either an ordinary or peculiar(prenominal) resolution has to be passed in the meeting by the shareholders of the company.In business or commercial law, ordinary resolution is a resolution passed by the shareholders of a company generally affirmed by not less than 50% of the members dramatis personaeing their votes, whereas surplus resolution is generally affirmed by not less than 75% of members casting their votes. Therefore, even if Lukes stake can be raised to 40%, he still cant defeat the resolution because a resolution is passed base on the voting cast by the majority in the meeting. Hence, Tony shall not worry about Joes and Mikes action in raising Lukes stake to 40% by issuing shares as its legality is bounded by section 132D of Companies Act 1965. Also, the removal of a director is allowed when a resolution is passed in the meeting. With only Joe, Mike and Luke to defeat the resolution, the resolution to remove them off as the directors can still be passed.3b. After this they leave behind pass resolutions to remove Tony from the board andto sub him with Luke.Directors are agents of the company and thus owe a fiduciary duty towards the company. Section 4(1) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, director includes any person occupying the position of director of a corporation by whatever name called and includes a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of a corporation are accustomed to act and an alternate or substitute director. Section 4(1) states that a director includes a de facto director, a shadow director and an alternate or substitute director.Sections 122(1) and (1A) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, every company shall have at least two directors, who each has his principal or only place of residence within Malaysia. Sections 122(2) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, no person other than a natural person of full age shall be a director of a company. This is clear that only a human being can be a director. Besides that, Section 122(2) imposes the minimum age of the director which is 18 years old. Thus, only a person who is 18 years old and above may be official as a director. Section 129 of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, notwithstanding anything in the memorandum or articles of the company no person of or over the age of seventy years shall be appointed or act as a director of a public company or of a subsidiary of a public company. A person who aged 70 years old and above can only be a director if the resolution appointing him as a director receives approval from at least 75% of the votes at the companys annual general meeting.The office of a Tony as a director may become vacant if he is disqualified consistent to the Companies Act 1965 or the articles of association, resigned from the position, removed from the board of directors and retires by rotation.Articles of association of the company provides that the office of a director shall become vacant if the director (a)ceases to be a director by virtue of the Companies Act 1965 (b)becomes a bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally (c)is prohibited from being a director by reason of any order made under the Companies Act 1965 (d)becomes of unsound mind or a person whose person or estate is liable to be dealt with in any way under the law relating to metal disorder (e)resigns his office by notice in writing to the company (f)for more than six months is absent without the permission of the directors from meetings of the directors held during that period (g) without the consent of the company in general meeting holds any other office of profit under the company except that of managing director or manager (h)is directly or indirectly interested in any contract or proposed contract with the company a nd fails to declare the nature of his interest in a manner required by the Companies Act 1965.Tony result not be removed as he is not disqualified by the articles of association.The patience of a director may take effect on the date which the board receives the letter of resignation, the date stated in the letter or according to the articles of association. Section 122(6) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in the memorandum or articles of a company or in any agreement with a company, a director of a company shall not resign or vacate his office if, by his resignation or vacation from office, the number of directors of the company is reduced at a lower place the minimum number required by subsection (1) and any purported resignation or vacation of office in contravention of this section shall be deemed to be invalid. Tony does not take action to resign from a director.Tony volition not be removed from the board. However, he may be removed from the board by an ordinary resolution. Section 128(1) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, a public company may by ordinary resolution remove a director before the expiration of his period of office, notwithstanding anything in its memorandum or articles or in any agreement between it and him but where any director so removed was appointed to represent the interests of any particular class of shareholders or debenture holders the resolution to remove him shall not take effect until his successor has been appointed. A public company may remove a director by ordinary resolution before the expiration of his term of office.The resolution is passed if it garnered more than half of the votes casted. A director of a public company is not possible to be removed by other director as provided in Section 128(8) which reads that, a director of a public company shall not be removed by, or be required to vacate his office by reason of, any resolution request or notice of the directors or any of them notwithstanding anything in the articles or any agreement.Thus, Joe and Mike are not able to remove Tony from the board. To remove a director, a special notice of the resolution is required to serve to the company at least 28 days before the scheduled members meeting as stated in Section 128(2) of the Companies Act 1965, Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the memorandum or articles of the company, special notice shall be required of any resolution to remove a director or to appoint some person in place of a director so removed at the meeting at which he is removed, and on receipt of notice of an intended resolution to remove a director the company shall forthwith send a copy thereof to the director concerned, and the director (whether or not he is a member of the company) shall be entitled to be heard on the resolution at the meeting. The special notice of ordinary resolutions is also called notice of intention is given by the members to the compan y at least 28 days before the scheduled meeting. then(prenominal) the company must give at least 14 days notice to the members before the meeting is scheduled to be held. It is provided in Section 153 of the Companies Act 1965, where by this Act special notice is required of a resolution, the resolution shall not be effective unless notice of intention to move it has been given to the company not less than twentyeight days before the meeting at which it is moved, and the company shall give its members notice of any such resolution at the same time and in the same manner as it gives notice of the meeting or ,if that is not practicable, shall give them notice thereof, in any manner allowed by the articles, not less than fourteen days before the meeting, but if after the notice of intention to move such a resolution has been given to a company, a meeting is called for a date twenty-eight days or less after the notice has been given, the notice, although not given to the company within the time required by this section, shall be deemed to be properly given.The board of directors may attempt to undermine the members proposal to remove a director, the board may call for the meeting to be scheduled less than 28 days from the receipts of the members notice. Section 153 of the Companies Act 1965 provides that the meeting is not invalidated if it is held less than 28 days after the notice was given by the members to the company. In Soliappan v Lim Yoke Fan 1968 2 MLJ 21, the High Court held that Section 128 was not mandatory. The power to remove directors under that section co-existed with any power contained in the articles of association. Therefore, 28 days notice is not necessary, the removal could be affected in accordance with the articles of association.However, on the facts the proper notice required under the articles of association had not been given either, so removed as director and consequently the plaintiff was not properly appointed as director of the com pany. If Tony is removed from the board, he may claim compensation or damages for the termination of his appointment as a director. Where the company has entered into a contract with Tony and the company breached it by removing him, then Tony has the rights to claim compensation. Section 128(7) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, nothing in subsections (1) to (6) shall be taken as depriving a person removed thereunder of compensation or damages payable by him in respect of the termination of his appointment as director or of any appointment terminating with that as director or as derogating from any power to remove a director which may exist apart from this section.Tony who is appointed as a director is not required to retire unless the articles of association provides so. Upon retirement, the shareholders may re-elect the directors who have performed but not those who failed to perform up to expectations. In go across Teow Chuan Anor v YAM Tunku Nadzaruddin Ibni Tuanku Jaafa r Ors 2007 2 MLJ 212, the board of directors made a resolution that all executive directors must retire on attaining 55 years of age.The plaintiffs brought an action challenging the introduction of a new term into their existing contract that they should retire. The court held that the power to pass the resolution as to retirement of directors was a fiduciary power entrusted by the memorandum and articles of the Company. That power was used for a collateral or improper purpose, namely to remove the plaintiffs and was invalid. In conclusion, Joe and Mike are unavailing to remove Tony from the board and replace Tony with Luke. Tony will be removed from the board if he meets one of the events stated above.3c. As an added incentive the shares will be issued to Luke for RM0.60 each to allow for a tidy profit. The issue here is whether Joe and Mike can issue shares to Luke at RM0.60 each to allow for Lukes support towards them. The issuance of shares below the nominal value of RM1.00 is called issuance of shares at a discount. At common law, the issuance of shares below the par value (at a discount) is prohibited because it constitutes a drop-off of share capital without bank check by the High Court. Section 64 of the Companies Act 1965 requires a special resolution that authorizes the reduction of its share capital with the confirmation by the Court. Case Re Wragg Ltd.Facts A liquidator took up a court case seeking a declaration that certain shares in the company issued to two members and registered in their names as fully paid were not properly issued as fully paid up. The liquidator asked for an order that the two members pay the amounts unpaid thereon. Held The transaction was wholly legitimate. Lindley L.J. stated it is not law that persons cannot sell property to a limited company for fully paid-up shares and make a profit by the transaction. We must not allow ourselves to be misled by talking of value. The value paid to the company is measured by the p rice at which the company agrees to buy what it thinks it worth it while to acquire. Whilst the transaction is unimpeached, this is the only value to be considered.However, there are two exceptions to the rule against issuing shares at a discount that are stated in Section 58 and 59 of Companies Act 1965. In occasions where the company enters into an underwriting agreement wherein the underwriter will subscribe the shares in the company if the shares are not taken, in return, the company agrees to pay the underwriter a fee. Section 58 of Companies Act 1965 recognises this commercial agreement provided that the compensation of that commission is not more than 10% of the issued value of the shares and is authorized by the companys articles. Section 59(1) of the Companies Act 1965 states that the company can issue shares at a discount of a class already issued if (a)The discounted shares are authorized by ordinary resolution passed in general meeting of the company and is affirm by Court order (b) The resolution specifies the maximal rate of discount at which the shares are to be issued (c) the company can only issue shares at a discount only after one year it is entitled to commence business and (d) the discounted shares must be issued within one month from courts confirmation or within extended time as allowed by Court. According to section 59(4), the discounted shares must be offered to existing members of that class based on pro rata basis. Failure to do so, the company and every officer who is in default shall be guilty of an offence punishable with a exquisite of RM1000 and default penalty in accordance with section 59(7) of the Companies Act 1965. Case Ooregum Gold Mining Co of India v RoperFacts The market value of the 1 ordinary shares of the company was 2 shillings and 6 pence (2s 6d). The company issued preference shares of 1 each with 15s credited as paid, leaving a liability of only 5s a share. Held The holders of the discounted shares are lia ble to pay the full nominal value to the company.In common law, issuance of shares at a discount is prohibited but there are statutory exceptions under section 58 and 59 which enable the company to issue shares at a discount. In this case, Luke is not the underwriter of Singing Stars Sdn Bhd. Therefore, Joe and Mike cannot issues shares at a discount to him by virtue of section 58 of the Companies Act 1965. However Luke can be entitled to get the shares at a discount if the discounted shares are passed by a majority of members who are present and votes at the meeting and confirmed by the Court order, which specify the maximum rate of discounts are to be issued, commence its business after one year and issue the discounted shares issued within one month from courts confirmation or within extended time as allowed by Court, then Luke can be entitled to the discounted shares after the existing shareholders are offered the discount.Luke will not be getting the shares at a discount becaus e the most of shareholders are not satisfied with Joe and Mike and wanted to vote them from the board. Hence, the majority of them will win and Luke will definitely not getting his shares at a discount. If Joe and Mike insist on issuing the shares at a discount to Luke, the holder of the shares (Luke) may be liable to pay the full nominal value of the shares as stated in the Ooregum principle. Besides, the directors (Joe and Mike) who are responsible for the unlawful issue may be held liable to the company for the discount allowed. In conclusion, Tony can sue Joe and Mike for breach of companies act and they will be held liable to company in respect of the discountallowed.From the above Tony and the other four shareholders can vote to reject the acceptance of payment by land from Luke for the shares. Joe and Mike do not have the power to accept the payment without the knowledge of the members of the company. If the transaction is still done Section 132D(6) provides that the shares i ssued are void and the directors shall be liable to compensate the company and the person whom the shares were issued to for any loss, damages or costs which they may sustain as consequence of the breach.3d. Luke has suggested that the company might accept some land which he owns as payment for the shares. Section 67 (1) of the Companies Act prohibits a company from Financing the purchase of its own or its holding companys shares cock-a-hoop financial care for the purpose of or in connection with the purchase of its own or its holding companys shares Dealing in or lending money on its own sharesIn the case of Datuk Tan Leng Teck v Sarjana Sdn Bhd, the plaintiff entered into a contract to sell a piece of land to the 2nd defendant, Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd for a piece of land at a price of RM15, 896,995. According to the agreement, RM1,000,000 of the purchase consideration will be capitalized as paid-up capital for 1,000,000 shares in the SSB. PHSB had paid RM3,300,000 for the land to SS B and RM1,000,000 out of this payment had been considered as a payment for 1,000,000 shares in SSB. Thus, 1,000,000 shares had been allotted to Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd. The court held that financial assistance has been given to Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd as the defendant agreed to treat a portion of the sum owed by Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd as payment for the shares. Section 67 (1) prohibits the company from giving financial assistance unless it is bona fide commercial transaction entered in good faith.As Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd had not paid anything for the shares the share capital of the defendant had reduced. In the case of Belmont Finance Corporation Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd (No 2), Belmonts directors paid 500,000 of Belmonts money under a scheme to help a company called Maximum ( which was owned and controlled by a Mr. Grosscurth) to buy shares of Belmont. Goff LJ held that the agreement was unlawful and the payment was made by Belmont for an illegal purpose, namely to facilitate the purchase b y Grosscurth and his associates of Belmonts shares.Lord Denning in Wallersteiner v Moir (1974) propounded the following test You look to the companys money and see what has become of in. You look to the companys shares and see into whose hands they have got. You will then see if the companys money has been used to finance the purchase.Thus for this case if the company accepts Lukes land as payment for the shares, it is not a bona fide commercial transaction entered in good faith and is prohibited by section 67(1). Thisi s because the land serves no specific purpose to the company and future benefits will not flow to the company through this entity. This means that the land is of no use to the company at the time of purchase which shows that it is not a bona fide commercial transaction. Furthermore this also shows that the companys money paid to Luke for the land will be used to purchase its shares. If Joe and Mike accept this transaction, they will be guilty under section 67(3) of t he Companies Act and section 67(4) provides that officers who are guilty are liable to compensate the company or any person who has suffered losses or damage as a result of the prohibited transaction.REFERENCES1) http//www.scribd.com/doc/64780622/1/S128-1-Companies-Act-1965 2) http//www.ssm.com.my/files/clrc/consultation_documents/cd2.pdf 3) Chan Wai Meng (2012) . Company Law in Malaysia Cengage Learning.